Biological Productivity in Various Ocean Environments - 825 Words

Factors Influencing Productivity in Various Ocean Environments (Essay Sample) Content: Biological ProductivityNameInstitutionInstructorCourseDateIntroductionBiological productivity for the aquatic systems and that for land has been categorized into primary and secondary productivities. The productivity of ecosystems and organisms constitute biological productivity. Primary productivity is the rate by which photosynthetic activities of the producer organisms store energy in organic substances form used as food substances while secondary productivity is the storage of energy at the trophic levels of the decomposers and consumers. This paper defines biological productivity, discusses productivity rates, factors influencing productivity in various ocean environments, and the difference of these environments in terms of productivity.Biological ProductivityThis is the rate at which organic matter quantity or the equivalent quantity in the dry matter, energy content or carbon that are accumulated over a given period of time. When scientist mention productivity as a rate, they usually use it in that context to mean the production rate or the rate of energy flow (Ivlev, 2010). Therefore, lots of emphasis should be made that productivity refers to rate of the energy flow or rate of production for easy and correct measurement of biological productivity.Factors Influencing Productivity in Various Ocean EnvironmentsThere various environmental conditions that affect the biological productivity of organisms in the ocean environments ranging from the surface zone, the middle ocean environment and the deep ocean beds. These ocean environmental conditions differs from habitat to another and will either limit or increase biological productivity in ocean environments (Robinson Brink, 2005). They are: * Geographical variations * Depth variations * Seasonality * Availability of light * Salinity * The pH * DensityGeographical variations such as Equators, high latitude oceans, and along the coasts particularly the eastern margins have high chlorophyll concentration and therefore high biological productivity since chlorophyll speaks more directly to the photosynthesis rate. Phytoplankton have also been found to be abundance in these areas.In addition, depth variation influences productivity in that, low latitudes oceans are described as nutrients limited environments and therefore, the productivity in those areas are very low. As one descends from the sunlight to deeper ocean floors, the nutrient concentration of the ocean water rise and the light drops off. Cross-over from the nutrient-poor sunlight and to dark and nutrient-rich stereotypically takes place at roughly 80 m depth and is defined by Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM). These reduces biological productivity in the deeper waters.Moreover, variation in the seasonality like high latitudes has high seasonality of productivity which are driven by the light availability. The daily duration and aerial intensity of sunlight are very higher in the summer, and therefore increases th e rate of photosynthesis resulting to high productivity.Additionally, Availability of light also have influence on ocean productivity. Light penetration from the surface of the ocean to the deep ocean beds depends and are limited to several factors such as the angle at which light rays strikes the ocean surface. Light rays that approach the ocean surface at lower angles are suddenly reflected back off the ocean surface and therefore do not and therefore not properly absorbed into the ocean waters resulting to low photosynthesis and finally low biological productivity.Furthermore, Salinity of ocean environments also influences its productivity. Salinity is generally high in isolated water bodies since in these areas, the rate of precipitation is low and evaporation rates are high (Noone, Diaz Sumaila, 2013). The salinity should be kept at a moderate l...

The Scientific Method Of Everyday Life Essay - 831 Words

Scientific method in everyday life:- Science plays an important part in our life. We have used science from stone age. Man observes and understands what he observes. This is a unique sense that he is born with. Agriculture is a scientific process. The man has learnt to sow seeds, water the land, add green manure to the soil and reap the harvest. Separating the paddy from the husk shows how clever he is. You might have observed that the women hold the pounded paddy in a flat plate and sift when the breeze blows. The heavy paddy falls near the person s feet while the husk that is light flies and falls a few feet away. Thus paddy is separated from the husk. Man also has learnt from observation that the crops should be rotated to get back the lost nutrients of the soil. This is one of the scientific method we observe in everyday life. Gardening:- Man knows how to garden by observation. He knows that the sunlight and water are necessary for the seeds to germinate. He has learnt by experience that the soil should be rich for the plants to grow. He also has observed that the seed must be healthy to germinate. Man also has learnt from experience that diseased seed produce diseased plants. Hence he first checks the seed to see if it is healthy. The Chinese way to check the seed is to soak the seed that is selected for planting in salt water. If the seed floats on the water, it is discarded. If the seed goes to the bottom of the vessel, then it is healthy and can be used forShow MoreRelatedLogic, Revelation And Authority864 Words   |  4 Pagesa cow.† like the article says this is not logical because cows can be different colors. When it comes to me though, I believe that logic is the best way of knowing for quick thinking because making a logical choice is often the correct one in everyday life. Another way of knowing the article talks about revelation. The article defines this as a statement that comes from a source that is unquestionable. I think that a lot of people in America use this way of knowing to try and understand governmentRead MoreThe Steps Of Scientific Method843 Words   |  4 Pages The scientific method is when you have a specific problem and you go through steps to try and solve your problem. The steps of scientific method are develop a theory, check and analyze your theory, explain your hypothesis, and prove your hypothesis. Whether that hypothesis could be wrong, you can still change it. That is the best thing about theories, hypothesis, and the scientific method. An example of the scientific method is my automobile does not crank. I would check for gas because if thereRead MoreThe Method of Scientific Investigation779 Words   |  4 Pages The Method of Scientific Investigation Scientific investigation in my own words is when someone breaks down a problem to find a solution scientifically, but there can be more to it than just investigation a problem scientifically. Thomas Huxley explains scientific investigation in more depth in his â€Å"The Method of Scientific Investigation† essay, what is he trying to say in this passage? It could be many things, it could be nothing or it could be something, we’re basically trying to find outRead MoreThe Science of Psychology Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe Science of Psychology â€Å"Psychology is the scientific study of mind, brain and behaviour. Some of what you do learn may seem like ‘common sense’, or at least familiar to you because you are learning about topics in which you can relate to. However some things you may believe is true, but is incorrect. The way we know this is through the application of scientific methods.† Mark Leary suggests that the subject matter of psychology is much more familiar to mostRead MorePseudoscience: Detective or Fictional?700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Scientific Americanâ„ ¢ defines pseudoscience as â€Å"a practice or belief that is known as scientific, but otherwise does not follow an acceptable scientific method, lacks subsidiary evidence or credibility, cannot be consistently tested, or lacks scientific standing.† When studying science, a key to finding â€Å"good† science is to make sure it is logical, based on facts and data, not opinions. Pseudoscience tends to appear more in the movie Sherlock Holmes by showcasing the unusual scientific theoriesRead MoreScientific Method in Real Life Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesScientific method paper Part I. It was the finals of the 2004 swimming state championships. I was seated second in the 100-yard individual breaststroke. My heart was pounding as I swam my warm up laps. I would have to drop about a second or so to have any shot at the title and the gold. I hopped out of the warm up pool, and headed over to grab my towel and work out a strategy plan with my coach. The first order of business was to address the main problem. I needed to win. My coachRead MoreWhat Is Chemistry701 Words   |  3 PagesCHEMISTRY IN LIFE Charles Barker CHM/110 7/6/2015 Subhashis Nandy Introduction When living in a world such as ours, chemistry plays a large role in how society interacts. Chemistry can be viewed from many different angles because of its dynamics when dealing with the nouns of life (People, places, and things). With people, chemistry is how he or she connects to their social conformity. With places, chemistry is the structure and atmosphere that brings about the culture to the arenaRead MoreMathematics And The Scientific Method939 Words   |  4 Pagesacquired it will subside. The two areas of knowledge that is needed in everyday life is natural science and mathematics. These two subject areas are vital in respect to knowledge because they both depend upon logical reasoning and the ability to make rational decisions. Science is important in the world because it is based on experiments. The experiments follow a strict procedure called the scientific method. â€Å"The scientific method is a tool that helps scientists—and the rest of us—solve p roblems andRead MoreTeaching Science In The Twenty-First Century Essay717 Words   |  3 PagesIf a child has a good understanding of science and scientific thinking, they can use these processes in everyday life. Science is also important for kids to know because it can open their eyes to an abundance of occupations. Even students, who will grow up to work in a field that is unrelated to science, will still need to use the processes to help them make educated decisions. Science education helps families all over the world almost everyday of their lives. When someone is cooking food, playingRead MoreMathematics And The Scientific Method920 Words   |  4 Pagescognition level will subside. The two areas of knowledge that’s necessary in everyday life is natural science and mathematics. These two subject areas are vital in respect to knowledge because they both depend upon logical reasoning and the ability to make rational decisions. Science is important in the world because it is based on experiments. The experiments follow a strict procedure called the scientific method. â€Å"The scientific method is a tool that helps scientists—and the rest of us—solve problems and

What is Federalism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1001 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Federalism Essay Did you like this example? Federalism Summary The main definition of federalism is when the nation, state, or local share control over the same area. In the United States, all of the power is divided and shared between our federal government (national government) and the state/local government to ensure everything is fair. This allows the people of the United States to have the rights and it’ll make them obey laws of the cities, counties, states, and the federal government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Federalism" essay for you Create order There are many other types of federalism which consists of dual federalism and cooperative federalism. Both of these federalism types have there own strengths and weaknesses that make each one satisfying in their own ways. Dual Federalism Dual federalism is only a theory about having an actual relationship with the national government and the states. The states control economic regulation and local issues. The national government controls fostering commerce, foreign policy , and nation defence. Dual federalism could also be known as divided sovereignty or layer-cake federalism. It’s a basic description of the nature of federalism during World War II. The reason it’s described as a layered cake is because there are easily identifiable differences between the state and national powers and responsibilities. Cooperative Federalism Cooperative federalism is a concept. The national, state, and local government work together to solve a problem. People will also call it the marble-cake metaphor. The reason for this is due to all the powers being so mixed up. An example of cooperative federalism was in April 20, 2010 named, Deepwater Horizon explosion. Almost 5 million barrels of oil spilled into the gulf of mexico. The spilled occured in national water, between the state, local, and national came up with a plan to fix it together. Pros of Federalism Our federal government has many advantages by increasing citizen participation. This includes voting for any type of authority. Us as people in the United States have been given the right to vote through federalism. Sharing power around is another key factor we’re given. Without federalism, we may not all have the same electricity standards. The rich might have the brightest light, the poor may get slow internet, and average person might have in between all of that. In general, its good for large, diverse countries growing in population like the United States. The Federalism system make involvement within national, states, and local government easy for everybody. From schools, work places, or on the television, it keeps everyone up to date on what’s happening in the government on the day to day bases on more of a national level than local or state. Cons of Federalism With the states and national government having to agree on everything together, it leads to them disagreeing about which and how laws are made. If a law passed and it affects another states in negative ways, they couldn’t do much about it since they must follow and listen to the national government. There may also be a lot of confusion going around throughout the states. For example, Georgia has the â€Å"Hands Free† law, that permits any Georgia driver from holding their phones. In Florida this is no law, so the second a Floridian accidentally touch their phone in Georgia, there are in trouble. Though, the national government is said to be the most powerful, it’s the most difficult to pass a law through, every states gets their opinion and it may not pass. Even when there could be grants-in-aid some countries take advantage of the idea and the national government allowed themselves to go over budget for them. Concept of Federalism The main idea of federalism comes off of the democratic rules, where power is shared with everybody on anational, state, and local level. It could also be thought up as a unitary government because the central authority holds the power. National controls state and local government, state controls local government, and local will control themselves. What federalism has done was created it this way so that they have their own responsibilities but they will still help eachother out by passing laws or chatting and coming to an agreement (or disagreement) about touchy issues. Grants-in-Aid A grant-in-aid is when one level of government (typically higher leveled) will give money or resources to another level of government (typically lower leveled) with the intention of helping them. This is one of the good things about federalism, it’s made so that everyone can help everyone. It will usually give out relationships between the different types of government to create a more helpful and generous environment. There are four different types of grants to give out. One of them is called, categorical grants. This one targets certain types of projects. The second one is called, block grant. It allows the level of power to have a lot of leeway on what they can spend the money given on. The third one is called, formula grant. It sets up a certain amount they spend and it has a set demographic that can us this grant. The forth on is called, project grant. This is a grant that has competition to it, where different level will compete over who gets it. However, when giving mon ey out, eventually it would start becoming a normal thing to borrow. For example on page 94 of The Challenge of Democracy, it states, â€Å"they grew to an astonishing pace in the 1960’s, when grant spending doubled every five years.† (94, Janda) This is stating that when states started finding out that they could borrow money for the national government, the amount of grants taken skyrocketed. Federalism Ferguson Riot A riot in Ferguson occured when a police officer shot an unarmed teen. The riot was held off by the state and local, but the national government had no help with it. When the state and local government couldn’t maintain the outburst, the national government finally stepped in to help. The federal government supplied the state and local the trucks and military to help control the riots.

Gandhis Salt March

On March 12, 1930, a group of Indian independence protesters began to march from Ahmedabad, India to the sea coast at Dandi some 390 kilometers (240 miles) away. They were led by Mohandas Gandhi, also known as the Mahatma, and intended to illegally produce their own salt from the seawater.  This was Gandhis Salt March, a peaceful salvo in the fight for Indian independence. Satyagraha, an Act of Peaceful Disobedience The Salt March was an act of peaceful civil disobedience or satyagraha, because, under the law of the British Raj in India, salt-making was banned. In accordance with the 1882 British Salt Act, the colonial government required all Indians to buy salt from the British and to pay a salt tax, rather than producing their own. Coming on the heels of the Indian National Congresss January 26, 1930, declaration of Indian independence, Gandhis 23-day-long Salt March inspired millions of Indians to join in his campaign of civil disobedience. Before he set out, Gandhi wrote a letter to the British Viceroy of India, Lord E.F.L. Wood, Earl of Halifax, in which he offered to halt the march in return for concessions including the abolition of the salt tax, reduction of land taxes, cuts to military spending, and higher tariffs on imported textiles. The Viceroy did not deign to answer Gandhis letter, however. Gandhi told his supporters, On bended knees, I asked for bread and I have received stone instead—and the march went on. On April 6, Gandhi and his followers reached Dandi and dried seawater to make salt. They then moved south down the coast, producing more salt and rallying supporters. Gandhi is Arrested On May 5, the British colonial authorities decided that they could no longer stand by while Gandhi flouted the law. They arrested him and severely beat many of the salt marchers. The beatings were televised around the world; hundreds of unarmed protesters stood still with their arms at their sides while British troops smashed batons down on their heads. These powerful images stoked international sympathy and support for the Indian independence cause. The Mahatmas choice of the salt tax as the first target of his non-violent satyagraha movement initially sparked surprise and even derision from the British, and also from his own allies such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel. However, Gandhi realized that a simple, key commodity like salt was the perfect symbol around which ordinary Indians could rally. He understood that the salt tax impacted every person in India directly, whether they were Hindu, Muslim or Sikh, and was more easily understood than complex questions of constitutional law or land tenure. Following the Salt Satyagraha, Gandhi spent nearly a year in prison. He was one of more than 80,000 Indians jailed in the aftermath of the protest; literally millions turned out to make their own salt. Inspired by the Salt March, people across India boycotted all kinds of British goods, including paper and textiles. Peasants refused to pay land taxes. The Government Attempts to Quell the Movement The colonial government imposed even harsher laws in an attempt to quell the movement. It outlawed the Indian National Congress, and imposed strict censorship on Indian media and even private correspondence, but to no avail. Individual British military officers and civil service employees anguished over how to respond to non-violent protest, proving the effectiveness of Gandhis strategy. Although India would not gain its independence from Britain for another 17 years, the Salt March raised international awareness of British injustices in India. Although not many Muslims joined Gandhis movement, it did unify many Hindu and Sikh Indians against British rule. It also made Mohandas Gandhi into a famous figure around the world, renowned for his wisdom and love of peace.

Becoming A Master s Level Social Worker - 788 Words

Each Social worker is created in a unique way. Some are affected personally, by issues, people, and/or situations around them. I carry my own personal experiences from good to bad ones. Becoming a Master’s level Social Worker provides me with a larger spectrum to which I could dedicate myself. Accomplishing a Master degree in social work sets me a step closer to obtaining a licensure, being a therapist, a supervisor, a program director, and many other things. As social workers, we carry different roles which can be defined by whom we work for, as to working with individual (micro), institutions (mezzo) or within a system (macro). All social worker’s come from diverse backgrounds. In regards to my background, I come from a working lower class family. I was raised in a border town as a single child. I was inculcated the Catholic religion with Mexican-American cultures. During my life span I have come across with many struggles, which have been personal and also with close family members that have affected me. Based on the many struggles I have come across, they have driven me to choose social work as a career. When starting my Bachelor’s degree, I chose social work for one reason, which was to become a lawyer. I was in pursuit of my Bachelor’s degree in social work which would allow me to pursue my goal of going to law school. My goal of going to law school derived from my passion of making an impact for those who are in need. After a couple of classes in the social workShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Athletic Director1295 Words   |  6 Pagesup from an entry level job and slowly moves their way up. Job Duties Being an athletic director is a job that has many duties because they have to oversee every sports team. Here is a list of responsibilities for an Athletic Director from the School District of Auburndale in Wisconsin. 1. Prepare a master budget and supervise equipment inventories. 2. Secure and file the paperwork for equipment lease requests involving the athletic department. 3. Prepare a master sports calendar thatRead MoreSocial Work Career As A Social Worker925 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Work Career If you are an individual who seeks to promote human well-being and have an intense desire to help others, you might consider pursuing a career in social work. â€Å"Social work is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people† (International Federation of Social Workers, 2014, para. 2). Social workers identify those who need help, examine their situations and developRead MoreA Career as a Social Worker Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pages A social worker has a very important job. Social workers help children and families in need of food, homes, and health care. They help children have a brighter future. There are many different types of social work. There are mental health, child and family, elementary, and high school social workers. There are advantages to being a social worker. One example is social workers get to save children. They take the child or children out of an abusive home, weather that is mentalRead MoreThe Medical Social Worker Professional Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pages I interview Ms. Diameteria S. Damon. She is a medical social worker professional. I choose Diameteria because she works in the healthcare industry and she has great experience and knowledge. She has work experience in mental health services, hospice, and children and family services. Diameteria has received a Certificate in North Carolina Child Welfare Collaborative from formal training in multi-systemic family therapy, as well as brief support therapy. Diameteria has an education and professionalRead MoreSchool Counselor1707 Words   |  7 Pages(â€Å"Guidance Counselors†). Specifically, school counselors play a major role in the social, emotional, and academic development of their students. This profession interests me for two reasons. First of all, I like to talk with people of all types. Second of all, I am always concerned with the feelings of others. The combination of these two qualities of mine is what makes becoming a guidance counselor my goal. Early in the 1920’s, some school systems in such major cities as Boston and New York offered theirRead MoreUnderstanding the Concept of Need in Human Society: Motivation and Personality by Abraham Maslow 1397 Words   |  6 Pagespeople† such as Jane Adams, Eleanor Roosevelt and Albert Einstein. The best way to portrait Maslow’s hierarchy of needs would be through a shape of a pyramid, which presents the largest and most fundamental levels of need on the bottom. Even that Maslow never used a pyramid to represent those levels of hierarchy; it became the most effective way to present them. Friendship and love, esteem physical needs and security which Maslow also called â€Å"deficiency needs† are the most basic and fund amental 4 layersRead MoreApplication For The Medical Assistant Position At Your Medical Practice974 Words   |  4 Pagesto find this opportunity because it closely aligns with my interests and future aspirations of becoming a Physician Assistant. What is being offered is an opportunity that will allow me to hone and polish my interpersonal, communication, and technical skills, but to also develop new skill sets that some health professionals lack. I have a Bachelor’s of Arts in Biology from Agnes Scott College and a Master of Public Health from Morehouse School of Medicine. As a Biology major, my coursework allowedRead MoreThe Traditional Nurse, Writing By Lisa H. Newton1250 Words   |  5 Pageswith dignity. 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The State Of The Lebanese Curriculum Education Essay Free Essays

string(238) " to divisions and wars been what the best math course of study for the twenty-first century is, confirms the incontrovertible position that when political relations intervene in instruction worldwide, the good intended messages are lost\." On Tuesday April 18, 1996 Israeli 155mm mortars shelled UNIFIL ‘s Fiji BATT compound in the small town of Qana few kilometres south E of Tyre in Southern Lebanon. Around 800 civilians had taken safety at the base. The organic structures of 102 Arab civilian work forces, adult females and kids were shattered to pieces. We will write a custom essay sample on The State Of The Lebanese Curriculum Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many similar accidents had occurred in the past, but this one was different. It triggered protests and presentations against the Israeli ground forces which has been busying Lebanon since March 14, 1978. During and since these events, the Lebanese acted as united and cohesive people, fighting to make the same end of release, and to bask its fruits – a free and incorporate state. Four old ages subsequently, the Israeli military personnels moved out of the country and May 25, 2000, was declared a national vacation in jubilation of opposition and release. Each twelvemonth, activities and visits are paid to the grave of the Qana slaughter victims, in memorialization of the 18th of April. Crowds of citizens, intellectuals and pupils from different countries of Lebanon visit the sufferer ‘ graveyard in Qana on the said juncture. The purpose is to supply approaching coevalss with cognition bases, good for the building of a hereafter rich in its national didactic lessons, peculiarly the national battle heroic poem against business. As a Lebanese, I truly acknowledge the function the Lebanese have ever played in engaging a war against the business of our land and resources. However, I am critical of the Lebanese course of study which has been meaningless and non built on facets and issues of the Lebanese world. I am even more critical of the insensitive and unresponsive nature of the math course of study we teach and survey, at least in the schools and universities in Lebanon, which is inactive and does n’t experience anything of its milieus. There is no uncertainty about the extent of harm caused by many old ages of business in our instruction in Lebanon. Most significantly we are non able to cover with Western mathematics which is described by Bishop ( 1990 ) as â€Å" one of the most powerful arms in the infliction of Western civilization † . ( p. 52 ) Although the â€Å" business † of our land is an highly serious issue, the biggest danger we presently face is the battle for stoping the â€Å" business of our heads † because â€Å" The most powerful arm in the custodies of the oppressor is the head of the oppressed † ( Freire, 1970, p.14 ) . Since the development age was launched by Truman more than 50 old ages ago ( through declaring all societies outside the Western universe â€Å" developing † and, therefore, in demand of â€Å" aid † to â€Å" develop † them ) , mathematics instruction, development plans, and scientific cognition have been the chief tools used in interrupting the dorsum of societies. I was born in Beirut, Lebanon. Except for a few old ages when I had to travel out and work, I have lived all my life in Lebanon. When I was born, the Gallic system of Education was used because, for some clip, we have been colonized by France. After 1968, the British and American course of study became the course of study in schools. Since 2000, and after the terminal of the civil war in Lebanon, a so called â€Å" Lebanese new course of study † has been in the procedure of being developed. The intent of this paper is to cast some visible radiation on the Lebanese mathematics curriculum from a socio political position and to foreground some issues that defined and confined the Lebanese experience of learning math in schools. Specifically, I would wish to analyze what â€Å" business of heads † means in mathematics course of study and besides how â€Å" business † is reflected in the history of mathematics instruction in Lebanon. My peculiar attractive force to the impression of â€Å" business † lies in the fact that our heads have been controlled in Lebanon by restricting the options and options in how mathematics was taught and learned in the yesteryear. I am cognizant of this fact because of my past experience as both a pupil and instructor of mathematics in Lebanese schools every bit good as in other schools in the Middle East. We have been directed and driven so that we are unable to see possible options and options in both our instruction and acquisition of mathematics. The nature of mathematics learning has been such that pupils are non encouraged to talk up and show their different ( and sometimes opposing ) points of position and to admit the right of others to take his/her ain point of position. OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS IN LEBANON In Lebanon ( besides true in many topographic points particularly the developing or Third World Countries ) , we are committed to a position of mathematics as a scientific discipline that is absolute and unconditioned. We have considered mathematics to be a complete system stand foring nonsubjective, ageless truths. In his chapter, Math, Culture and Authority, Fasheh ( 1997 ) excellently gives a vivid, thick description of how math, in Third universe states, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦.is normally taught as a set of regulations and expressions that pupils have to memorise, and a set of problems-usually absurd to students- that they must work out † ( p.275 ) . This is every bit true for the Lebanese schoolroom and Lebanese course of study which is extremely compartmentalized and decontextualized. Teachers are the exclusive authorization in the schoolroom every bit good as the major beginning of mathematical cognition dictated as a set of nonnegotiable regulations and processs that challe nge topographic point and clip. In short, mathematics course of study is considered as the unquestionable hegemony which is to be followed and respected by both pupils and instructors. Reflecting on the province of the field, a closer expression at the history of how findings from international proving led many states to oppugn the substance of their school course of study and how this testing has led to divisions and wars been what the best math course of study for the twenty-first century is, confirms the incontrovertible position that when political relations intervene in instruction worldwide, the good intended messages are lost. You read "The State Of The Lebanese Curriculum Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Possibly a well known illustration is the California math Wars where terrible diminution in the sum of educational budgets made it more purposive the usage of standards-based appraisals as a motivation for acquiring more support, the beginning being private organisations. RETHINKING MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE: ETHNOMATHEMATICS â€Å" A common misconception in the instruction of math has been, and still is, the belief that math can be taught efficaciously and meaningfully without associating it to civilization or to the single pupil † ( Fasheh, 1997, P. 281 ) . Extensive research acknowledges the function that civilization dramas in act uponing the manner people see things and understand constructs. This, and non the trouble of the topic, impacted the position that math is nonmeaningful, stiff and beyond one ‘s apprehension. â€Å" Math can be used to emphasize one ‘s ain civilization with its particular and beautiful features. At the same clip, math can be used to do one aware of the drawbacks in one ‘s ain civilization and attempt to get the better of them † . ( Fasheh, 1997, P. 284 ) . My ain experience, and the experience of many others that I knew or read about, made me progressively believe in the sociopolitical facet of math as a tool to stamp down and rule minorities in the universe. Mathematicss has played an of import portion in globalisation ( English, 2002 ) . First, the topic itself is a merchandise of centuries of cultural exchange between East and West. In the head of many, it has achieved a position of an international linguistic communication independent of cultural association and context of development. The similarity of many mathematics instruction plans around the universe is partially a merchandise of this thought. Second, besides mathematics is seen as a ticket for draw a bead oning persons and states for technological, and therefore economic, development. This image of mathematics promotes the copying of course of study from the economically more successful to the less successful states. Further, the position of mathematics in the course of study is similar in many states where it is given a particular importance, 2nd merely, if non equal, to linguistic communication instruction. In many states mathematics is tied to scientific, technological, and therefore to economic development. Undoubtedly, these similarities have added ammo to the often-expressed position that mathematics is a â€Å" cosmopolitan linguistic communication † . These similarities have given rise to the term â€Å" planetary course of study † in mathematics instruction. The Role of Ethnomathematics From prehistoric ages, worlds have been roll uping cognition to react to their thrusts and demands. Such responses vary from part to part, from civilization to civilization ( Bishop, 1990 ) . Possibly the most of import philosophical difference between a traditional and an ethnomathematical position is that ethnomathematics recognizes, encourages, and awards the belief that all people do mathematics within their ain unique and personal context, and that this ability may take many signifiers ( Borba, 1997 ) . Indeed it emerges from within each person through their single interaction with their cultural and physical environment. It besides recognizes that everyone does mathematics, hence there is no such thing as a non-math individual – ethnomathematics is closely tied to issues of entree and equity ( Anderson, 1997 ) . In his chapter, Ethnomathemtics and Education, Borba envisions â€Å" ethnoknowledge † as the starting point for the pedagogical procedure in which pupils ‘ cognition is â€Å" compared with the ( ethno ) cognition developed by the academic subjects in a manner that this academic cognition can besides be seen as culturally bounded † ( p. 269 ) . Harmonizing to Borba, this study can be accomplished by pupils and instructors discoursing â€Å" the efficiency and relevancy of different sorts of cognition in different contexts † ( p. 269-270 ) . It is going clear in the heads of many the fact that instruction has transformed cognition and larning into trade goods, and pupils and instructors into consumers ( Kilpatrick, 2003 ) .I still retrieve how my female parent, run uping apparels for us and for our friends, used mathematics unwittingly in her pattern. She used to routinely take rectangles of cloth and with few measurings turn them into beautiful, absolutely fitted vesture. The mathematics she was utilizing was beyond my comprehension. Sing her mathematics in context made me understand my mathematics in context, the context of intent, significance, and power. I feel that my female parent was much freer than me. She learned by detecting, making, reflecting, associating, and bring forthing. She constructed her ain apprehension. In contrast, I was an impersonator, work outing jobs, most of which have been solved for a trillion times, in tiring repeat in schools around the universe for the past 100 old ages at least. While sh e was invariably involved in the human facet of math, my cognition and thought were confined chiefly to text editions, which I studied and taught. Detecting my female parent ‘s math and cognition helped me detect how deeply my cognition was entrenched in text edition during my surveies, and during my instruction. As a consequence of colonial instruction, in Lebanon and in other Third universe states as good, we come to see mathematics by and large as a merchandise of the West. The addled course of study organ transplant -during the 1960’s- from the extremely industrialized states to ‘Third World ‘ states reinforced this image. Although, during the 1970 ‘s and 1980 ‘s, there emerged among instructors and mathematics pedagogues in developing states, a turning opposition against the Eurocentrism, ( Powell A ; Frankenstein, 1997 ) , in Lebanon this misconception is accentuated due to the unstable political clime that swayed Middle East part up-to-date. What can be done? In an effort to reform our math instruction and acquisition, we are in the procedure of constructing a new math course of study which extremely acknowledges criterions put forth by NCTM. We are now, more than of all time, aware of the importance of stressing job posing/problem-solving attacks to larn, curriculum dialogue and incorporate course of study planning supported by appropriate appraisal schemes including non-competitive appraisal. I would wish to visualize that in the future our teaching method could be community – based and community focused and that it helps develop the pupils ‘ accomplishments in the defense mechanism, care and farther development of our rational heritage and civilization. The position and intent of math course of study is closely linked with the different socio-political ambiances that reign from one state to another. While we, as Lebanese, view math as an indispensable tool for release from the business of land and head, others see it as a agency to remain in front in the battle for political power. In Lebanon, now, we are fighting to specify ourselves through reflecting on our lives, and seeking to show that in every bit many signifiers as we have in our â€Å" dirts of civilizations, † and through discoursing what we do and what we are. In the concluding analysis, a chief issue is to specify ourselves or else be defined by others. 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Auditing & Assurance Risk Assessment

Question: Discuss about the Auditing Assurance Risk Assessment. Answer Introduction This report will emphasize on the issues of speculation of inherent risk for the upcoming audit assignment of audit firm EA Partners. It is the basic homework for the audit firm to assess the risk factors related to new audit assignment to safeguard the same while executing audit operation. There are three different types of probable risks normally found in the audit practice- inherent risk, control risk and detection risk(Nguyen, 2009). These are all different in nature but mainly focused with the material misstatement of financial information and its subsequent impact on the financial report of the identity. In this present report we will focus on inherent risk of a company of Australian base named David Jones Corporation who is engaged in the business of retailing of garments and other products. Being a senior partner of the audit firm, EA Partners, I was assigned to detect inherent risk related to the upcoming assignment of David Jones Corporation. For this purpose I will utilize my experience of working in the retail chain outlet as accountant to find the inherent risks normally relevant to this type of business as per guideline fixed by Australian Audit Standards governed by Auditing and Assurance Standard Board of Australia. David Jones Corporation- The Client The company, David Jones Corporation popularly known as DJs, was established in 1838 by David Jones. The main business of this brand is to spread the departmental stores in Australia and abroad. The company has its nearby competitor in the name of Myer. The company is recently acquired by the world famed Woolworths Ltd, a South African Retail group under the umbrella of Woolworths Holdings Limited since midway of 2014. The acquisition process had been endorsed by the DJs management with the effective capitalization of $ 2.15 billion. The acquisition had been approved by the Federal Court of Australia in July 2014. The company has human resource strength of 4956 in 2016 in comparison to 4175 in 2015 as per data retrieved from the financial report of Woolworths Holdings Limited for the year 2016. Auditing Standard ASA 315 The above Auditing Standard is meant for detection of risk of audit assignment for material misstatement in the financial report of any company. ASA 315 is complying with the International Auditing Standards IAS 315 to ensure the global acclaimed policy related to the subject. This standard is enforced with the objective of identifying and assessing respective risks of material misstatement in the financial reports due to reasons of frauds or mistakes, whether intentional or unintentional(Auasb, 2006). This objective is endorsed with the conception of the establishment in respect of environment with the internal control which can provide the basis of implementation and design of responses related to the risks assessed occurred due to material misstatement. To ensure this activity, proper analytical verification of financial statement of the entity is to be done in respect of different financial information provided upon which the foundation of the financial report is being made(Auasb , 2013). Inherent Risks David Jones Corporation Being a senior audit partner, it is my duty to find different areas of financial operation which can generate inherent risks related to financial operation of the company. Through the annual financial report of Woolworths Holdings Limited, it is observed that the group is performing with systematic way of handling its financial activities and the same is being scanned through the effective Audit Committee which is already fixed its basic compliance criteria with the execution of the financial operations of the companies under the group. It had been observed from the report of the Audit Committee that David Jones had executed compliance level to ensure the mandate of compliance set by the Audit Committee of the Group(Investopedia, 2016). Even after the certification by the Audit Committee, it is my professional obligation to find inherent risk in different areas in which there may be occurrence of such risks during the concluded financial report. In this aspect I have highlighted certain specific areas which are given below with my observations:- Goodwill As David Jones had been taken over by Woolworths Holding Limited, evaluation of goodwill is significant in the acquisition process. As goodwill is falling under the category of long term assets under the subhead of intangible assets, evaluation process is specified for the group so far goodwill is concerned of the acquisitioned entity. The excerpts of the annual financial report of Woolworth Holding Limited is featured below for understanding the same;- The basis of goodwill evaluation with impairment is depending upon the factor of evaluation of Cash Generating Unit or CGU or the units to which allocation of goodwill is done. Inventories Inventories are contributing to the current asset which is a basic component of deriving working capital. As David Jones is being taken over by Woolworths Holding Limited in midway of 2014, the inventories of the departmental stores under the possession of the company is also being taken over by the Group. The consolidated financial position of the group had been furnished with segmented portion of different companies running under the group. David Jones had shown the inventories with valuation of 2345 RM in 2016 in comparison to 1864 RM of 2015 with the variance effect of (+) 25%. The steady growth of DJs is being observed with the inventories value increasing, but inherent risk is there to segregate current saleable stock from obsolete stock(Woolworthsholdings, 2016). Receivables Receivable is also considered as the basic component of current asset which is also contributing to the determination of working capital. From the annual financial report of 2016 of the Group it is observed that receivable of DJs is declined from 396 RM of 2015 to 380 RM of 2016 with the negative variance of 4%. Inherent risk is there to segregate good and bad/doubtful debts(Whl, 2016). Cash Handling As the business of DJs is mainly depending upon the counter sale from departmental stores, cash handling plays a vital role in the area of inherent risk detection. Proper internal control is to be practiced to ensure zero level material misstatement in the area of cash handling. ERP implementation with proper software full proof software with control implemented at different layer right from sales to delivery is to be ensured to make the cash handling system perfect. After the acquisition of DJs by the Group, cash and cash equivalent are being observed as increasing with significant growth from 186 RM of 2015 to 324 RM of 2016 with the resultant positive variance of growth by 74%(Woolworthsholdings, 2016). Competition/ Revenue DJs had shown significant increase in their revenue in 2016 with 27% positive growth variance. Revenue of 2016 had shown in the annual financial report of the Group featuring the contribution of DJs as 17297 RM in comparison to 13242 RM of 2015. This growth shows that in spite of stiff competition of the retail chain marketing in Australia, DJs is keeping its growth in satisfactory standard to ensure overcoming the competition. Mainly the competition is confined between DJs and Myer, but DJs, with the backing of its holding company, Woolworths, is sweeping the market with clear growth of 7% and net retail space by 3.5% with value sale increase in AUD terms by 8.4%(Pash, 2016). Liabilities- Current and Non Current Payables, provisions and other non current liabilities are basic component of liabilities along with borrowings. As per the group financial reports of 2016, trade payables, provisions and other non-current liabilities of DJs are 5967 RM with comparison to 4977 RM of 2015 which is with 20% growth variance in 2016 over 2015. Borrowings are 215 RM in 2016 as per Group financial report pertaining to DJs which was new introduction as nothing had been featured under this head in 2015(Whl, 2016). Control Environment As DJs is one component of the group of Woolworths Holding Ltd, the control environment of the company is dictated by the standing procedure of the group which is being fixed by the Audit Committee of the Group consisting of six independent directors. The annual financial report of the Group is also certified by the auditors, Ernst and Young with the declaration of the directors responsibility so far making of financial report as per the fair and true representation of the financial information and the auditors responsibility to opine about the true and fairness presentation of the financial statements of the company(Woolworthsholdings, 2016). It is also conferred in the annual financial report by the auditor that the compliance of effective internal control is to be ensured by the directors of the Group. The Audit Committee is driven by the key result areas in different financial operations out of which assurance of internal control is one of the prime features. This committee is there to ensure the independence of the external auditors, fixation of the charter of internal audit along with planning to confirm the integrated mode of financial reporting as per the objective of assurance model , appointment of the auditors and suggest necessary changes in the financial policies of the group company along with its subsidiaries. All these efforts are to ensure the issues in macro level, while in micro level critical analysis and evaluation is required to make the accounting system of the company full proof. With all these efforts from the Audit Committee, the assurance related to audit with respective financial decisions are enforced to enhance the level of performance of the company so far its operation is concerned. The main objective of control practice is to make it mandatory that inh erent risks are to be detected with the respective steps to mitigate them through proper process manage3ment induced in the company system(Whl, 2016). Conclusion and Recommendations To ensure the detection of inherent risks, I have to be proactive with my knowledge, experience and respective fields of application in David Jones Corporation. As the company is being taken over by world renowned Woolworths Holding Limited, this company is a part of the professionally managed Group which has good infrastructure of financial reporting with the back-up of Audit Committee which can ensure the effective models to be implemented through the system. As the company is engaged in retailing, inherent risk is always there in certain areas like cash handling, and inventory control. As the company is growing after the acquisition, more emphasis is to be given on the areas of control for the components which are directly contributing to the effective working capital practice to make the liquidity ratio of the company in such a position that the company can grow more facing the competition and overcoming it. It is mandatory to go into the deep of the system of the company to find out the inherent risk of the respective organization in respect of auditing. To make it possible I have to understand the system management of the company so far different steps of operation of the company is concerned. The system starts from the level of procurement, supply chain management, sales and marketing and logistics management. In each part of this business, I have to understand the concept of operation and thus it can be ensured that effective detection of inherent risk is possible in different level of activities of the company. Self involvement is necessary to understand the process management and thus the assurance of detecting inherent risk is possible. Although different industries have typical process management which can give birth to inherent audit risks, the probability of material misstatement can be there with intentional or unintentional approaches. It is often observed material misstatement followed by subsequent errors occur due to the nature of the business and the application of the system related to it. The more complicated the system, the bigger the chance of inherent risk is there. Hence to identify and mitigate the respective inherent risk related to any business depends upon the clarity of understanding of operation with clear objectives and respective appropriate strategies implemented in the business. It is the duty of the auditors to find the gaps of the operation system and suggest respective remedies to fulfill them. References: Auasb. (2013, November 11). Auditing Standard ASA 315 Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment. Retrieved January 07, 2017, from Auasb: https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/Nov13_Compiled_Auditing_Standard_ASA_315.pdf Auasb. (2006, April 28). Auditing Standard ASA 315 Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement. Retrieved January 07, 2017, from Auasb: https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_315_28-04-06.pdf Investopedia. (2016, March 06). Inherent Risk. Retrieved January 07, 2017, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/video/play/inherent-risk/ Nguyen, J. (2009, June). What is the difference between investing and speculating? Retrieved December 07, 2017, from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/09/difference-between-investing-speculating.asp Pash, C. (2016, July 15). David Jones sales growth is crushing the competition. Retrieved January 07, 2017, from Businessinsider: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/david-jones-sales-revenue-smashes-the-competition-2016-7 Whl. (2016). Woolworths Holdings Limited. Retrieved January 07, 2017, from Whl: https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/downloads/2016/WHL-Audited-Annual-Financial-Statements-2016.pdf Whl. (2016). Woolworths Holdings Limited. Woolworthsholdings. (2016). Woolworths holdings Limited. Retrieved January 07, 2017, from Woolworthsholdings: https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/downloads/2016/WHL-Audited-Annual-Financial-Statements-2016.pdf

Effects of Methods of Waste Management

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Methods of Waste Management. Answer: Introduction The changing trends in the society have created an alarm due to the heightening amounts of solid waste production. Industrialization, urbanization and changing consumption practices are threat to waste management practices in major cities. If solid waste is handled appropriately it can be of great worth. Malpractices in handling solid waste results to adverse effects both to the environment and human existence. Better methods of waste management should therefore be adopted for a better future. In the recent past, Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, has had great concerns in the increasing rate of environmental degradation. Such is a long term effect of prolonged poor waste management practices. Industrialization in this city has played a major role in the fore mentioned consequence (Alam, 2009, p. 1090). Factories utilized the surface water sources as dumping sites for their non-biodegradable waste products. Water sources have been for long been used as bins for industrial waste. At domestic level, households majorly disposed their waste products at nearby bushes or even in the natural holes (Pokhrel, 2012, p. 560). These waste products are composition of both food debris remains and plastic materials. In the urban centers, the condition has been more pathetic. Inhabitants have been either reluctant to paying for private waste collection services or the services are unreliable. At some regions the ferrying services have not been available. These unethical conducts have posed a great challenge to the development of Kathmandu. This has contributed to the stepwise loss of the citys landscape (Eicher, 2010, p. 367). The famous beauty of the city has degraded profusely. The pollution in the city evidenced by the huge heaps of uncollected waste neither made the city attractive. The productivity of agricultural land has been affected negatively with time due to damage caused by the solid waste. The quality of life is endangered by the effects of poor management of solid waste. The pollution at the water sources hinders the thriving of human beings. Unclean water increases the vulnerability to waterborne diseases (Giusti, 2009, 2228). The city is no longer appealing thus reduced numbers of tourists seeking to make visits. This lowers the economic stability of the city exposing it to disasters. Destruction of the productive agricultural land calls for quick action failure to which the city will end up relying on food aids from external sources. Such challenges need to be addressed lest the growth of the city turns to be an illusion. Conclusion The centrality of effective solid waste management practices may not seem so much important unless its effects are unveiled. The masses need to be educated about waste management and transportation services also availed. Enforcement of appropriate laws and maximization of recycling could also be of much help. To maximize waste recycling, the private sector should be engaged to absorb useful waste. References Alam, R., 2009. Generation, storage, collection and transportation of municipal solid waste A case study in the city of Kathmandu, capital of Nepal. Waste Management, 28(6), pp. 1088-1097. Eicher, A., 2010. Waste Management Introduction. Waste Management, 22(4), pp. 367-368. Giusti, L., 2009. A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health. Waste Management, 29(8), pp. 2227-2239. Pokhrel, D., 2012. Municipal solid waste management in Nepal: practices and challenges. Waste Management, 25(5), pp. 555-562.